Glossary G - Yenra

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Historical names & systemsG24i

G24 Innovations, the company name used in period reports about dye-sensitized solar-cell manufacturing. Those reports document the company's technology and commercial claims at the stated time.

Related coverage: G24i

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Computers & specificationsGain (device)

The ratio of a device's output signal to its input signal under specified conditions. State whether the ratio describes power, voltage or another quantity before comparing values.

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NetworksGATT

Generic Attribute Profile: a Bluetooth framework that organizes application data into services and characteristics and defines ways to discover, read, write and receive updates to that data. It is widely used with Bluetooth LE. Matching the service identifiers, value formats and access requirements matters when connecting an application to a device.

Guide: Bluetooth Development Kits: From Board Selection to a Working BLE Demo

Reference: Bluetooth SIG: Generic Attribute Profile

Compare: Bluetooth Low Energy, Bluetooth pairing, SPP

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Transport & aerospaceGAWR

Gross axle weight rating: the manufacturer's maximum permitted load on a specified axle. Front and rear ratings are separate limits. Compare each axle's measured load in the intended loaded configuration with its rating, while also checking whole-vehicle and tire limits; spare capacity on one axle does not raise the other axle's rating.

Guide: 2008 Nissan Titan: Verify Configuration, Payload and Towing Limits

Reference: Nissan: axle and vehicle weight ratings (2008 Titan manual, PDF)

Compare: GVWR, GCWR, Payload (vehicle)

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Computers & specificationsGbps

Gigabits per second: one billion bits per second. It is a rate, while gigabytes describe an amount of data; eight bits make one byte before accounting for transfer overhead.

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Transport & aerospaceGCWR

Gross combined weight rating: the manufacturer's maximum permitted total weight of the loaded tow vehicle and loaded trailer together. Use the rating for the exact vehicle configuration. The combination must also satisfy the separate vehicle, axle, trailer and hitch limits; the combined rating alone does not establish how much trailer can be towed.

Guide: 2008 Nissan Titan: Verify Configuration, Payload and Towing Limits

Reference: Nissan: combined weight rating and towing limits (2008 Titan manual, PDF)

Compare: GVWR, GAWR, Tongue weight

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Rocks & EarthGeocoding

Converting an address or place description into a geographic location, usually coordinates and match information. A returned point may represent a building, a street-range estimate or a broader area. Check the match type and source before using it. Reverse geocoding starts with coordinates and returns a location description.

Guide: Geocoding: Turn Addresses into Coordinates You Can Check · Geoparsing (AI Glossary)

Reference: U.S. Census Bureau: geocoder documentation

Compare: GPS, GNSS

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Rocks & EarthGeographic coordinates

Values that locate a position using latitude and longitude, usually expressed in degrees. Latitude describes north–south position relative to the equator; longitude describes east–west position relative to a prime meridian. Record the coordinate reference system, order, signs and format when exchanging a pair: different tools may expect the two values in different orders.

Guide: Geocoding: Turn Addresses into Coordinates You Can Check

Reference: OGC: geographic coordinates and axis order

Compare: Coordinate reference system, Geocoding, GPS

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Rocks & EarthGeoid

A gravity-defined level surface used as a reference for heights on Earth, closely associated with global mean sea level. Its irregular shape differs from a smooth reference ellipsoid and from the terrain. A geoid model estimates their separation; survey conversions require a model compatible with the coordinate frame and vertical datum.

Guide: GPS Surveying: Reference Systems, Field Records, and Quality Checks

Reference: NOAA NGS: geoid, ellipsoid and orthometric height relationships

Compare: Ellipsoidal height, Orthometric height, Coordinate reference system

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Energy & environmentGHG

Greenhouse gas: a gas that absorbs and emits infrared radiation and contributes to the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide and methane are examples; emissions comparisons require a stated metric and time horizon.

Related coverage: Carbon Capture and Storage: Evaluate the Whole Project

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Science & measurementGMT

Greenwich Mean Time, a time convention rooted in mean solar time at Greenwich. It is often used for the zero-offset civil time zone; UTC is the international atomic-time-based reference used in modern timekeeping.

Related coverage: UTC definition

Reference: NIST: UTC and other time scales

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Transport & aerospaceGNSS

Global navigation satellite system: the general category of satellite systems that provide positioning, navigation and timing. GPS, Galileo, GLONASS and BeiDou are examples. A multi-constellation receiver can use more than one system, but the supported signals, antenna, operating mode and surroundings still affect its positioning result.

Guide: GPS Chipsets and GNSS Modules: Selection and Integration

Reference: GPS.gov: GNSS systems

Compare: GPS, DGPS

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Tools & workshopGPM

Gallons per minute: a volume flow rate describing how much liquid passes in a minute. Confirm whether the specification uses U.S. liquid gallons or imperial gallons, which have different volumes. For a pressure washer, compare flow together with operating pressure, nozzle and test conditions; maximum flow and maximum pressure may use different configurations.

Guide: Pressure Washers: Match the Machine to the Surface

Reference: NIST: gallon definitions and volume-flow units (PDF) · Generac: pressure and flow rating conditions (PDF)

Compare: PSI

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Transport & aerospaceGPS

The Global Positioning System, a U.S.-owned satellite system providing positioning, navigation and timing. A receiver uses transmitted satellite information to calculate position and time. GPS is one member of the broader GNSS family; a watch or phone may combine its signals with other constellations when the hardware and selected mode support them.

Guide: GPS Watches: Accuracy, Recording Modes, and Navigation

Reference: GPS.gov: GPS system overview

Compare: GNSS, DGPS, PND

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Computers & specificationsGPU

Graphics processing unit: a processor designed for graphics work and many calculations that can run in parallel. Supported software also uses GPUs for rendering, scientific computing and AI. A GPU may be integrated or part of a separate graphics card; the card includes other components such as memory, power circuitry and cooling.

Guide: Choosing a Graphics Card: Workloads, VRAM, Power, and Fit

Reference: IBM: graphics processing units and parallel workloads

Compare: VRAM, PCIe, RAM

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Rocks & EarthGround sample distance

The distance on the ground represented by the spacing between neighboring image samples, commonly expressed in centimeters or meters per pixel. For example, a 50-centimeter feature spans about ten samples at 5-centimeter GSD. This describes sampling: image sharpness and independently checked positional accuracy require their own evidence.

Guide: Digital Mapping Camera: From Aerial Images to a Usable Map

Reference: USGS: imagery calibration and ground sample distance

Compare: Spatial resolution (imagery), Map scale

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NetworksGSM (mobile networks)

Global System for Mobile Communications, a family of digital cellular standards associated with second-generation mobile service. A phone's supported bands and the continued availability of the network determine usability.

Related coverage: GSM : Global System for Mobile Communications

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Science & measurementGSM (weather modeling)

Global Spectral Model, a name used for global numerical weather-prediction models based on spectral methods. Identify the forecasting organization and model version when interpreting this acronym.

Related coverage: GSM : Global System for Mobile Communications

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Transport & aerospaceGVWR

Gross vehicle weight rating: the manufacturer's maximum permitted total weight of a loaded vehicle, including the vehicle itself, occupants, cargo, fitted equipment and supported trailer tongue load. Compare the actual loaded weight with the rating on the vehicle's certification label. Individual axle limits and towing limits still require their own checks.

Guide: 2008 Nissan Titan: Verify Configuration, Payload and Towing Limits

Reference: Nissan: gross vehicle weight rating and loading limits (2008 Titan manual, PDF)

Compare: Payload (vehicle)

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