Glossary E - Yenra

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Security & privacyEAP

Extensible Authentication Protocol: a framework that carries exchanges for several network authentication methods. The selected method determines the credentials and security properties, such as certificates with EAP-TLS. In an enterprise Wi-Fi setup, an access point can relay the exchange to an authentication server; check the configured method and its requirements when diagnosing a failed join.

Guide: Wireless LAN Authentication: 802.1X, RADIUS and EAP Methods

Reference: RFC 3748: the EAP framework and roles

Compare: EAP-TLS, RADIUS, Authentication

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Security & privacyEAP-TLS

An Extensible Authentication Protocol method that uses TLS and certificates for mutual authentication between a client and authentication server. It is used in managed network access, including enterprise Wi-Fi. A working deployment needs client enrollment, trusted server identity and certificate renewal and revocation handling; the method is one choice within the broader EAP framework.

Guide: Wireless LAN Authentication: 802.1X, RADIUS and EAP Methods

Reference: RFC 9190: EAP-TLS with TLS 1.3

Compare: EAP, TLS, Digital certificate

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Computers & specificationsECC

Error-correcting code, or the circuitry implementing it, used to detect and correct specified data errors. In memory, the supported error patterns depend on the code and system design; ECC does not guarantee recovery from every fault.

Related coverage: DDR SDRAM: Transfers, Refresh, and Legacy Compatibility

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Health & careEHR

Electronic health record: a digital collection of information used in a person's care, such as clinical notes, medications and test results. Systems need shared formats and appropriate access arrangements to exchange that information usefully.

Reference: HealthIT: electronic health records

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Energy & environmentEIA

The U.S. Energy Information Administration, a source of energy statistics, analysis and projections. When using its data, keep the series, units, observation period and release date with the number.

Related coverage: U.S. Oil Production: Read Trends, Revisions and Forecasts

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Rocks & EarthEllipsoidal height

A point's height above or below a specified reference ellipsoid, measured along a line perpendicular to that ellipsoid. GNSS positions commonly yield this geometric height, written h. Converting it to an orthometric height requires compatible reference systems and a geoid model; keep the height type and reference metadata with the coordinate.

Guide: GPS Surveying: Reference Systems, Field Records, and Quality Checks

Reference: NOAA NGS: ellipsoidal heights and height conversion

Compare: Geoid, Orthometric height, Coordinate reference system

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Rocks & EarthEl Niño

The warm phase of ENSO, involving above-average sea-surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and associated atmospheric changes. Equatorial trade winds typically weaken. El Niño can alter seasonal rainfall and temperature patterns around the world, but it does not mean every place becomes warmer or experiences the same weather in every event.

Guide: La Niña Explained: ENSO, RONI and Seasonal Outlooks

Reference: NOAA National Weather Service: El Niño

Compare: ENSO, La Niña

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Security & privacyEmail spoofing

Falsifying an email’s apparent sender information so it seems to come from another person or organization. A forged display name or address can mislead a recipient even when the named person’s account remains secure. Distinguish the identity shown in the message from evidence of an actual account login or compromise.

Guide: Bagle.C: Forged Senders, Harvested Addresses, and Misleading Clues

Reference: Microsoft: anti-spoofing protection

Compare: Phishing, Authentication

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Art & colorEmbedded profile

Color-profile information saved inside an image or document to identify how its color values should be interpreted. Software can use it when displaying, converting or printing the file; assigning a profile and converting values are different operations.

Read the guide: Color Management for Digital Art and Printing

Reference: International Color Consortium: profiles

Compare: Calibration (color), Profiling (color), Color space

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Food & cookingEmulsion

A mixture in which tiny droplets of one liquid are dispersed through another liquid that it does not readily mix with. Shaking oil and vinegar creates a temporary emulsion that can separate again. Mixing technique and ingredients such as mustard can help a dressing remain dispersed longer; follow the recipe's method and serving guidance.

Guide: Culinary Vinegar: Choose a Type and Balance a Dish

Reference: Escoffier teaching text: emulsions and vinaigrettes (PDF)

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Rocks & EarthENSO

El Niño-Southern Oscillation: a recurring pattern of linked ocean and atmospheric changes in the tropical Pacific. It includes the warm El Niño phase, cool La Niña phase and neutral conditions. Changes in circulation can alter seasonal temperature and rainfall probabilities far beyond the Pacific; ENSO is one influence on an outlook, not a local daily forecast.

Guide: La Niña Explained: ENSO, RONI and Seasonal Outlooks

Reference: NOAA National Weather Service: ENSO and its phases

Compare: El Niño, La Niña, Forecast cone

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Science & measurementEPFL

École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, a Swiss federal institute of technology. The abbreviation identifies the institution, including in reports about its research and technology licensing.

Related coverage: G24i

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NetworksEthernet

A family of local-network technologies standardized in IEEE 802.3. Copper and fiber versions support different speeds and distances; Ethernet names the network technology rather than a single connector or cable category.

Read the guide: IEEE 802 Explained: Read Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and VLAN Specifications

Reference: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

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PhotographyEVF (electronic viewfinder)

An eyepiece display showing an electronic image from a camera. Exposure preview and focus aids can help compose a photograph; the diopter adjustment sharpens the photographer's view of the display without changing lens focus.

Read the guide: Electronic Viewfinders: See Clearly and Judge the Preview

Reference: Canon: viewfinder adjustment

Compare: Diopter adjustment

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Computers & specificationsexFAT

Extended File Allocation Table: a file system designed to support large files and storage volumes, commonly used for removable storage. It is a useful interchange option for compatible systems. Check support on the particular camera, recorder, television or computer before formatting, and retain a separate copy of any existing files.

Guide: Portable Storage: SSDs, Hard Drives, Connections, and Backups

Reference: Microsoft: exFAT file system specification

Compare: File system, Backup

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Science & measurementExperimental unit

The entity independently assigned to an experimental treatment or condition, such as a person, plot or separately prepared specimen. Identify it before counting the sample size. Ten readings from one treated specimen describe repeated observations on that specimen; they do not create ten independently treated experimental units.

Guide: Research Design Tools: Turn a Question into a Testable Experiment

Reference: NIST: experimental-design terminology

Compare: Randomization (experiments), Blocking (experiments), Confounding

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PhotographyExposure compensation

A setting that asks the camera to make its automatic exposure result brighter or darker than its metered suggestion. Positive compensation generally brightens and negative compensation darkens. The camera adjusts the controls available in the selected mode. This changes the exposure decision; turning up the screen brightness only changes how the display looks.

Guide: Better Phone Photography: Override Auto Exposure on iPhone and Android

Reference: Nikon: exposure compensation

Compare: Shutter speed, Dynamic range (imaging)

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PhotographyExposure (photography)

The light reaching the recording surface during capture, determined by scene illumination, the lens opening and exposure time. Adjusting those factors changes the captured light. ISO and image processing also affect the rendered brightness, so a brighter preview by itself does not show that more light was recorded.

Guide: Better Phone Photography: Override Auto Exposure on iPhone and Android

Reference: Nikon: the controls involved in exposure

Compare: Aperture, Shutter speed, ISO (photography), Exposure compensation

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Security & privacyExternal entities (XML)

XML entity declarations that refer to content outside the document. A parser that resolves untrusted external references can expose files or make unwanted network requests; secure configuration controls which resolution features are enabled.

Read the guide: Web Service Security: Access, XML Parsing, and Resource Limits

Reference: OWASP: external entity prevention

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